Cutting structure for roller cone drill bits

ABSTRACT

New cutting structures for roller cone drill bits are disclosed. In one aspect, a drill bit includes a bit body, roller cones attached to the bit body and able to rotate with respect to the bit body, and a plurality of cutting elements disposed on each of the roller cones, such that axial force on the bit during drilling is substantially balanced between the cones. In another aspect, a drill bit includes a plurality of cutting elements disposed on each roller cone such that the amount of work performed by each cone during drilling is substantially the same as the amount of work performed by each of the other cones. In yet another aspect, a drill bit includes a plurality of cutting elements disposed on each roller cone such that distribution of axial force on the bit is optimized. Additional aspects of the invention are also disclosed.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Technical Field

[0002] The invention relates generally to roller cone drill bits fordrilling earth formations, and more specifically to roller cone drillbit designs.

[0003] 2. Background Art

[0004] Roller cone drill bits and fixed cutter bits are commonly used inthe oil and gas industry for drilling wells. FIG. 1 shows one example ofa roller cone drill bit used in a conventional drilling system fordrilling a well bore in an earth formation. The drilling system includesa drilling rig 10 used to turn a drill string 12 which extends downwardinto the well bore 14. Connected to the end of the drill string 12 is aroller cone-type drill bit 20, shown in further detail in FIG. 2.

[0005] Referring to FIG. 2, roller cone drill bits 20 typically comprisea bit body 22 having an externally threaded connection at one end 24,and a plurality of roller cones 26 (usually three as shown) attached atthe other end of the bit body 22. The cones 26 are able to rotate withrespect to the bit body 22. Disposed on each of the cones 26 of the bit20 is a plurality of cutting elements 28 typically arranged in rowsabout the surface of each cone 26.

[0006] The cutting elements 28 on a roller cone 26 may include primarycutting elements, gage cutting elements, and ridge cutting elements.Primary cutting elements are the cutting elements arranged on thesurface of the cone such that they contact the bottomhole surface as thebit is rotated to cut through the formation. Gage cutting elements arethe cutting elements arranged on the surface of the cone to scrape theside wall of the hole to maintain a desired diameter of the hole as theformation is drilled. Ridge cutting elements are miniature cuttingelements typically located between primary cutting elements to cutformation ridges that may pass between the primary cutting elements toprotect the cones and minimize wear on the cones due to contact with theformation. The cutting elements 28 may be tungsten carbide inserts,superhard inserts, such as polycrystalline diamond compacts, or milledsteel teeth with or without hardface coating.

[0007] Significant expense is involved in the design and manufacture ofdrill bits to produce bits which have increased drilling efficiency andlongevity. For more simple bit designs, such as those for fixed cutterbits, models have been developed and used to design and analyze bitconfigurations which exhibit balanced forces on the cutting elements ofthe bit during drilling. Fixed cutter bits designed using these modelshave been shown to provide faster penetration and long life.

[0008] Roller cone bits are more complex than fixed cutter bits, in thatthe cutting surfaces of the bit are disposed on roller cones, whereineach roller cone independently rotates relative to the rotation of thebit body about an axis oblique to the axis of the bit body. Because thecones rotate independently of each other, the rotational speed of eachcone of the bit can be different from the rotation speed of the othercones. The rotation speed for each cone of a bit can be determined fromthe rotational speed of the bit and the effective radius of the “driverow” of the cone. The effective radius of the drive row is generallyrelated to the radial extent of the cutting elements that extend axiallythe farthest from the axis of rotation of the cone, these cuttingelements generally being located on a so-called “drive row”. Adding tothe complexity of roller cone bit designs, the cutting elements disposedon the cones of the roller cone bit deform the earth formation by acombination of compressive fracturing and shearing. Additionally, mostmodem roller cone bit designs have cutting elements arranged on eachcone so that cutting elements on adjacent cones intermesh between theadjacent cones, as shown for example in FIG. 3A and further detailed inU.S. Pat. No. 5,372,210 issued to Harrell. Intermeshing of the cuttingelements on roller cone bits is desirable to enable high insertprotrusion to achieve good rates of penetration while preserving thelongevity of the bit. However, intermeshing cutting elements on rollercone bits substantially constrains cutting element layout on the bit,thereby further complicating the designing of roller cone drill bits.

[0009] Because of the complexity of roller cone bit designs, accuratemodels of roller cone bits have not been widely developed or used todesign roller cone bits. Instead, roller cone bits have largely beendeveloped through trial and error. For example, if cutting elements onone cone of a prior art bit wore down faster that the cutting elementson another cone of the bit, a new bit design would be developed bysimply adding more cutting elements to the faster worn cone in hopes ofreducing the wear of each cutting element on that cone. Trial and errormethods for designing roller cone bits have led to roller cone bitswhich have an imbalanced distribution of force on the bit. This isespecially true for roller cone bits having cutting elements arranged tointermesh between adjacent cones.

[0010] Using a method for simulating the drilling performance of rollercone bits drilling earth formations, described in a patent applicationfiled in the United States on Mar. 13, 2000, entitled “Method forSimulating the Drilling of Roller Cone Drill Bits and its Application toRoller Cone Drill Bit Design and Performance” and assigned to theassignee of this invention, prior art roller cone bits were analyzed andfound to typically unequally distribute the axial force on the bitbetween the cones, such that the axial forces on two cones differ bymore than 200%. Such an unequal distribution of force between the conesresults in an unequal distribution of stress, strain, wear, andpremature failure of the cone or cones carrying the largest load(s)during drilling. Additionally, prior art roller cone bits typically havesignificant imbalances in the distribution of the volume of formationcut between the cones. In such prior art bits, the volume of formationcut by each cone, typically, differs by more than 75%, wherein thevolume cut by one cone was 75% more than the volume of formation cut byeach of the other cones on the bit. Prior art bits also have substantialimbalance between the amount of work performed by each of the cones onthe bit.

[0011] Additionally, prior art bits with cutting elements arranged tointermesh between adjacent cones have significant differences in thenumber of cutting elements on each cone in contact with the formationduring drilling. Prior art bits also typically have large differences inthe projected area of cutting elements in contact with formation on eachcone, and in the depths of penetration achieved by the cutting elementson each cone. As a result, the projection area of cutting elementcontact for each cone greatly differs in typical prior art bit designs.Additionally, the cutting elements on each cone of prior art bitstypically achieve unequal depths of penetration for each cone. In someprior art designs, the unequal cutting element penetration depth betweenthe cones is partially due to the bottomhole profile formed by the bitduring drilling. Additionally for typical prior art bits, the axialforce on the bit is distributed in a multi-modal profile and the forceson corresponding rows of each cone may significantly differ. Further,prior art bits often have cutting elements arranged about the surface ofeach cone such that forces acting on corresponding cutting elements oneach cone significantly differ. Using drill bits which have multi-modalforce distributions, or an unequal distribution of force betweencorresponding rows of the cones or corresponding cutting elements of thecones may result in a bottomhole profile formed by the bit that ismulti-modal which may contribute to the unequal cutting elementpenetration depth and an imbalanced distribution of force on the bitbetween the cones.

[0012] One example of a prior art bit considered effective in thedrilling wells is shown in FIGS. 3A-3D. This drill bit comprises a bitbody 100 and three roller cones 110 attached thereto, such that eachroller cone 110 is able to rotate with respect to the bit body 100 aboutan axis oblique to the bit body 100. Disposed on each of the cones 110is a plurality of cutting elements 112 for cutting into an earthformation. The cutting elements are arranged about the surface of eachcone in generally circular, concentric rows substantially concentricwith the axis of rotation of the respective cone, as illustrated in FIG.3C. In FIG. 3A, the profiles of each row of cutting elements on eachcone are shown in relation to each other to show the intermeshing of thecutting elements between adjacent cones. In this example, the cuttingelements comprise milled steel teeth with hardface coating appliedthereon. This type of drill bit is commonly referred to as a “milledtooth” bit.

[0013] As is typical for milled tooth roller cone bits, the teeth arearranged in three rows 114 a, 114 b, and 114 c on the first cone 114,two rows 116 a and 116 b on the second cone 116, and two rows 118 a and118 b on the third cone 118. At least one row of teeth on each cone isarranged to intermesh with a row of teeth on an adjacent cone. The firstrow 114 a of the first cone 114 is located at the apex of the cone andis typically referred to as the spearpoint of the bit.

[0014] The drilling performance of this prior art bit was simulated andanalyzed using the method described in the previously referred to patentapplication (filed in the United States on Mar. 13, 2000, entitled“Method for Simulating the Drilling of Roller Cone Drill Bits and itsApplication to Roller Cone Drill Bit Design and Performance” andassigned to the assignee of this invention). From this analysis, it wasfound that the prior art bit has unbalanced axial force between thecones, wherein the axial force on the bit during drilling wasdistributed between the first 114, second 116, and third 118 cones inthe ratio of 2.91:1.67:1, respectively. Thus, the axial force on thefirst cone during drilling, on average, was approximately three timesthe axial force on the third cone. Additionally, this prior art bit wasfound to exhibit rock cutting volume ratios for the first 114, second116 and third 118 cones of 1.84:1.03:1, respectively, wherein the firstcone 114 was found to cut over 80% more rock than the third cone 118.

[0015] In designing roller cone bits, ideally the cutting elements aredisposed on the bit such that the same number of cutting elements oneach cone contacts the formation at each point in time throughoutdrilling. However, in practical bits, the number of cutting elements oneach cone which contacts the formation differs at each point in timethroughout drilling. For example, at one instant in time a cone may havethree cutting elements in contact with a formation. At another instantin time the same cone may have two cutting elements in contact with theformation. At a third instant in time the cone may have four cuttingelements in contact with the formation. Therefore, in order to determinewhether the number of cutting elements on the bit contacting a formationis equally distributed between the cones, the fraction of the total timethat each number of cutting elements on each cone instantaneouslycontacts the formation must be compared. In an analysis of typicaltri-cone prior art bits, it was found that the distribution of the timea number of cutting elements on each cone contacts a formation duringdrilling significantly differed for each cone.

[0016] One example of a distribution of contact for a prior art bit isshown in FIGS. 8A-8D. The drill bit in this example was a tri-cone bitwith milled steel teeth, similar to the drill bit shown in FIGS. 3A-3D.FIG. 8A shows a distribution of the time that each of a number ofcutting elements contacts the earth formation during drilling for theentire bit. FIGS. 8B-8C each show a distribution of the time that eachof a number of cutting elements on each cone contacts the earthformation during drilling. From FIGS. 8A-8C, it can be observed that thedistributions of contact for each cone are significantly different. Forexample, the second cone has two or fewer cutting elements in contactwith the formation the majority of the time, while the first and thirdcones have three or more cutting elements in contact the majority of thetime. In particular, the first, second and third cones have three ormore cutting elements in contact with the formation 70%, 45%, and 55% ofthe time, respectively. Thus, the contribution of each conesignificantly differs. Further, it can be seen that the greatestdifference between the fraction of time a given number of cuttingelements on each cone contacts the earth formation during drilling isapproximately 27%, wherein the first cone has two cutting elements incontact with the formation approximately 16% of the time, while thesecond cone has two cutting elements in contact with the formationapproximately 43% of the time. Additionally, it can be determined fromthese distributions that the first cone has an average of about 3.3cutting elements in contact with the formation during drilling, whilethe second and third cones average about 2.35 and 2.52 cutting elementsin contact during drilling, respectively. Thus, the contribution of thefirst cone to the number of cutting elements in contact with theformation is greater than the contribution of each of the other twocones. The largest difference in the average number of cutting elementsin contact with the formation between cones is approximately 0.95cutting elements. Thus, on average, the first cone has one more cuttingelement in contact with the formation during drilling than the secondcone, and almost one more cutting element in contact than cone three.While this average difference in the number of cutting elementscontacting the formation is only one cutting element, such an imbalancein the distribution of contact between the cones, may result in animbalanced distribution of force, stress, strain, and wear between thecones, which may lead to the premature failure of the bit. Thus, it isdesirable to design a bit having intermeshing cutting elements betweenthe cones, wherein the average number of cutting elements contacting theformation is substantially the same for each cone, so that wear on thebit is more equally distributed between the cones, potentiallyincreasing the effectiveness and longevity of the cones and the bit.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0017] In one aspect, the invention comprises a roller cone drill bitfor drilling an earth formation. The drill bit includes a bit body, andthree roller cones attached to the bit body and able to rotate withrespect to the bit body. The bit further includes a plurality of cuttingelements disposed on each of the cones, such that axial force on the bitduring drilling is substantially balanced between the cones.

[0018] In another aspect, the invention comprises a roller cone drillbit for drilling an earth formation. The drill bit includes a bit body,and three roller cones attached to the bit body and able to rotate withrespect to the bit body. The bit further includes a plurality of cuttingelements disposed on each of the cones, such that an amount of workperformed by each cone during drilling is substantially the same as thatof the other cones.

[0019] In another aspect, the invention comprises a roller cone drillbit for drilling an earth formation. The drill bit includes a bit body,and three roller cones attached to the bit body and able to rotate withrespect to the bit body. The bit further includes a plurality of cuttingelements disposed on each of the cones, such that a distribution of timethat each of a number of cutting elements on each cone contacts aformation during drilling is substantially the same for each of thecones.

[0020] In another aspect, the invention comprises a roller cone drillbit for drilling an earth formation. The drill bit includes a bit body,and three roller cones attached to the bit body and able to rotate withrespect to the bit body. The bit further includes a plurality of cuttingelements disposed on each of the cones, such that a projected area ofcutting elements in contact with a formation during drilling issubstantially the same for each of the cones.

[0021] In another aspect, the invention comprises a roller cone drillbit for drilling an earth formation. The drill bit includes a bit body,and three roller cones attached to the bit body and able to rotate withrespect to the bit body. The bit further includes a plurality of cuttingelements disposed on each of the cones, such that a depth of penetrationfor each cutting element into a formation during drilling issubstantially the same for each of the cones.

[0022] In another aspect, the invention comprises a roller cone drillbit for drilling an earth formation. The drill bit includes a bit body,and three roller cones attached to the bit body and able to rotate withrespect to the bit body. The bit further includes a plurality of cuttingelements disposed on each of the cones, such that a distribution ofaxial force on the bit is optimized.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023]FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a drilling system for drillingearth formations.

[0024]FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of a prior art roller cone drillbit.

[0025]FIG. 3A is a diagram of the roller cones of a prior art drill bitillustrating the intermeshing relationship of the cutting elementsbetween the cones.

[0026]FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram of one leg of a prior art bitwherein the effective position of cutting elements on all three cones ofthe bit are illustrated on the cone shown to illustrate bottomholecoverage of the bit.

[0027]FIG. 3C is a spacing diagram for a prior art bit.

[0028]FIG. 3D is an enlarged partial view of the cone and cuttingelements of the prior art bit shown in FIG. 3B.

[0029]FIG. 4 is a diagram of the roller cones for a bit in accordancewith one embodiment of the invention illustrating an intermeshingrelationship of the cutting elements between the cones.

[0030]FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of one leg of a drill bit configuredin accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, wherein theeffective position of cutting elements on all three cones of the bit areillustrated on the cone shown to illustrate bottomhole coverage of thebit.

[0031]FIG. 6 is a spacing diagram for a drill bit in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention.

[0032]FIG. 7 is an enlarged partial view of the cones and cuttingelements for an embodiment of the invention as shown in FIG. 5.

[0033] FIGS. 8A-8D show a distribution of time that each of a number ofcutting elements contacts a formation during drilling of a well bore fora prior art drill bit. FIG. 8A shows the distribution for the entirebit. FIGS. 8B-8D shows the distribution for each of the cones.

[0034] FIGS. 9A-9D show a distribution of time that each of a number ofcutting elements contacts a formation during drilling of a well bore fora drill bit made in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.FIG. 9A shows the distribution for the entire bit. FIGS. 9B-9D show thedistribution for each of the cones.

[0035]FIG. 10 shows one example of a unimodal distribution of force fora drill bit in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

[0036]FIG. 11 shows one example of a multi-modal distribution of forcefor a prior art drill bit.

[0037]FIG. 12 shows one example of a roller cone bit wherein thelocation of a row of cutting elements is measured in terms of thedistance of the cutting element from the bit axis and the cone axis.

[0038]FIG. 13 shows one example of a set up for experimental tests thatcan be performed to determine the force on each cone of a bit duringdrilling.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0039] Referring to FIGS. 4-7, in one embodiment, the inventioncomprises a roller cone drill bit which includes a bit body 200 (partialview in FIG. 5) and a plurality of roller cones (typically three), showngenerally at 210 in FIG. 4. The roller cones 210 are attached to the bitbody 200 and rotatable with respect to the bit body 200. In thisembodiment, the cones 210 include a first cone 214, a second cone 216,and a third cone 218. Each cone 214, 216, 218 includes an exteriorsurface, generally conical in shape, having a side surface 250. Disposedabout the side surface 250 of each cone 210 is a plurality of cuttingelements, shown generally at 212 and additionally at 256. A distinctionbetween cutting elements 212 and cutting elements 256 will be furtherexplained.

[0040] The plurality of cutting elements disposed on each cone arearranged primarily on the side surface 250 of each cone 214, 216, 218,as shown in FIG. 4. In general terms, at least three different types ofcutting elements may be disposed on the cones, including primary cuttingelements, generally indicated as 212, gage cutting elements, generallyindicated as 256 and ridge cutting elements (not shown). In theembodiment of FIG. 4, primary cutting elements 212 are the cuttingelements generally arranged about the side surface 250 of the cones andused as the primary means for cutting through the bottomhole surface ofthe earth formation. Primary cutting elements 212 are arranged on eachcone such that cutting elements on adjacent cones intermesh between thecones. Gage cutting elements 256 are cutting elements which scrape thewall of the well bore to maintain the diameter of the well bore. Gagecutting elements 256 are typically arranged in one or more rows, oftenreferred to as “gage” rows, “heel” rows, or “trucut” rows, about thelower edge of one or more cones as shown at 256 in FIGS. 4, 5, and 7.Ridge cutting elements (not shown) are miniature cutting elements,typically comprising hardened material deposits, that are optionallydisposed about the surface of the cone, usually between primary cuttingelements 212 to cut ridges of formation which pass between primarycutting elements 212 on the cones. Ridge cutting elements (not shown)are used to reduce damage or wear of the cone surface by reducingcontact between the cone surface and the formation ridges.

[0041] It should be understood that in a drill bit according to theinvention, the cutting elements may comprise only primary cuttingelements 212, or primary cutting elements 212, gage cutting elements 256and, optionally, ridge cutting elements (not shown). Further, whileprimary cutting elements 212 and gage cutting elements 256 are shown asdistinctly different sets of cutting elements in this embodiment, itshould be understood that in other embodiments, one or more primarycutting elements 212 may be disposed on one or more cones to essentiallyperform as a gage cutting element. The types and combinations of cuttingelements used in specific embodiments of the invention are matters ofchoice for the bit designer and are not intended as limitations on theinvention. Further, it should be understood that all cutting elementsbetween adjacent cones may not necessarily intermesh. The number ofcutting elements and the arrangement of cutting elements that intermeshbetween adjacent cones are also matters of choice for the bit designer.

[0042]FIG. 4 shows the cone and cutting element configurations for thisembodiment of the invention illustrating the location of the primarycutting elements 212 on each cone. In this embodiment, the primarycutting elements 212 on each cone are arranged such that primary cuttingelements 212 on adjacent cones intermesh between the cones, as shown inFIG. 4.

[0043] In this embodiment, the cutting elements comprise “teeth” such asmilled steel teeth, but it should be understood that the invention isnot limited to so called “milled tooth” drill bits. Other cuttingelements such as tungsten carbide inserts or polycrystalline diamondcompacts may, alternatively, be used in accordance with the invention.In this embodiment, the primary cutting elements 212 are generallyarranged in circular, concentric rows about the side surface 250 of eachcone, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 6 as previously explained. On the firstcone 214 the cutting elements 212 are arranged in three rows 214 a, 214b and 214 c. On the second cone 216 the cutting elements 212 arearranged in two rows 216 a and 216 b. On the third cone 218 the cuttingelements 212 are arranged in two rows, 218 a and 218 b. The cuttingelements are arranged so that at least one row of cutting elements oneach cone intermeshes with a row of cutting elements on an adjacentcone.

[0044] In this exemplary embodiment, the primary cutting elements 212,as previously explained, comprise milled steel teeth formed on thecones. Hardface coating 258 is applied to the teeth (shown in moredetail in FIG. 7) to produce a tooth cutting structure with increasedhardness. In alternative embodiments, the cutting elements may comprisemilled steel teeth without hardface coating, or alternatively, tungstencarbide insert, superhard inserts, such as boron nitride orpolycrystalline diamond compacts, or inserts with other hard coatings orsuperhard coatings applied there on, as determined by the bit designer.It should also be understood that the number of the cutting elementsshown in FIG. 6 is directed to the number of the primary cuttingelements disposed on the cutters to cut the bottomhole surface of thewell bore. The number and arrangement of gage cutting elements, in thisembodiment is a matter of convenience for the bit designer.Additionally, ridge cutting elements may, optionally, be disposed on thecone body as determined by the bit designer.

[0045] Using a method for simulating the drilling performance of rollercone bits drilling earth formation, such as the method described in thepreviously referred to patent application (filed in the United States onMar. 13, 2000, entitled “Method for Simulating the Drilling of RollerCone Drill Bits and its Application to Roller Cone Drill Bit Design andPerformance” and assigned to the assignee of this invention), forexample, the drilling performance of a bit in accordance with thisembodiment was analyzed and found to have several characteristics whichrepresent improvements over prior art roller cone drill bits.

[0046] Advantageously, the roller cone bit in accordance with theembodiment of FIGS. 4-7 provides substantially balanced axial forcebetween the cones during drilling. Specifically, analysis showed thatthe ratio of force on each cone normalized with respect to the smallestforce on a cone for cones 1, 2, and 3 was about 1.09:1:1.03,respectively. Therefore, axial force was balanced to within about 10%.Prior art bit designs were found to have axial force imbalances of wellover 200% between the cones. For example, a simulation of the drillingperformance of the prior art bit shown in FIGS. 3A-3D and discussedabove found force balance ratios between the cones of 2.91:1.67:1. Sucha large imbalance of forces on the cones can lead to increased stress,strain, and ultimately wear of the cone carrying the majority of the ofthe axial load. A large imbalance of axial force between the cones alsosuggests a large imbalance of drilling contribution of each cone, asdetermined by analysis of prior art bits. By more evenly distributingthe loads and work of each cone of the bit, the bearing wear can be moreevenly balanced, and the rate of penetration and the life of the bit maybe increased.

[0047] Advantageously, this embodiment of the invention showssubstantially balanced rock (formation) volume cutting between thecones. Balanced rock volume cutting between cones is desirable becauseit allows the cutting contribution of each cone to be equalized, therebyequalizing the force distribution on the cones and reducing the unequalwear on the cones. This potentially increases the longevity of the bit.For this embodiment, the ratio of rock volume cut by each of the conesis 1.02:1:1.08, normalized with respect to the smallest volume cut byany one cone. Thus, this embodiment exhibits a maximum rock cut volumedifference between cones of approximately 8%. This is a significantimprovement over the distribution of rock volume cut between the conesprior art roller cone bits. Prior art milled tooth bits, for example,have maximum rock cut volume difference between cones of approximately75% or more. For example, the ratio of rock volume cut by each of thecones of the prior art bit in FIGS. 3A-3D was found to be 1.84:1.03:1.Accordingly, the embodiment of the invention as shown in FIGS. 4-7,provides a significant improvement in equalizing the volume of formationcut by each cone.

[0048] Advantageously, this embodiment provides a more balanceddistribution of instantaneous cutting element contact with the formationbetween the cones. Additionally, the projected area of cutting elementsin contact with the formation being drilled is substantially the samefor each cone of the bit. Further, in this embodiment, the cuttingelements are disposed about the surface of each cone such that thepenetration depth for cutting elements on each cone is substantially thesame for each of the cones.

[0049] In this embodiment of the invention, the cutting elements arearranged in rows on the side surface of each cone as previouslydescribed. In alternative embodiments of the invention, cutting elementsmay be arranged in any number of rows on each of the cones, or thecutting elements may not be arranged in rows, but instead placed in adifferent configuration about the surface of the cone, such as astaggered arrangement. It should be understood that the invention is notlimited to the particular arrangement of the cutting elements shown inFIGS. 4-7, but rather the cutting elements may be arranged in anysuitable manner as determined by the bit designer without departing fromthe spirit of the invention. Further, although a roller cone bit havingthree cones is shown for this embodiment, it should be understood thatthe invention is not limited to bits having three roller cones. Rather,the invention only requires that the bit have at least three cones.Additionally, although all of the advantages noted above are realized inthis particular embodiment of the invention, it should be understoodthat other embodiments of the invention exist which may not include eachand every one of the advantages described for this embodiment. Thus, theinvention is not limited to embodiments which include all of theadvantages shown in the foregoing embodiment. Other embodiments mayexist as further described.

[0050] Axial Forces Substantially Balanced between Cones

[0051] In another aspect, the invention comprises a roller cone bithaving a bit body and a plurality of roller cones attached to the bitbody and able to rotate with respect to the bit body. The bit furtherincludes a plurality of cutting elements arranged on each cone so thatcutting elements on adjacent cones intermesh between the cones; thecutting elements being arranged such that the total axial force exertedon the bit during drilling is substantially balanced between the cones.

[0052] In one embodiment of this aspect, the cutting elements aredisposed each cone of the bit so that force difference between any twocones is less than about 25%. In a more preferred embodiment, thecutting elements are arranged so that a force difference between any twocones is less than about 10%.

[0053] One method for determining the balance of axial force between thecones is disclosed in the previously referred to patent application(filed in the United States on Mar. 13, 2000, entitled “Method forSimulating the Drilling of Roller Cone Drill Bits and its Application toRoller Cone Drill Bit Design and Performance”) which is incorporatedherein by reference. This method comprises selecting bit designparameters, selecting drilling parameters, selecting the earth formationto be drilled, and calculating from the selected parameters andformation, parameters for individual craters formed when cuttingelements on each cone contact the earth formation. From the craterparameter calculations, the bottom hole geometry can then be calculated.The method further includes repeating these calculations for incrementalrotations of the drill bit to obtain a visual representation of thedrilling performance of the selected bit. Using this method, the forceon each cone of the bit during drilling can be calculated and comparedto determine the distribution of axial force between the cones duringdrilling. Additionally, this method can be used to test differentcutting element configurations to find configurations which aresubstantially force-balanced.

[0054] Another method for determining the balance of axial force betweenthe cones includes providing at least one operating condition sensor ina roller cone drill bit assembly to monitor the drilling performance ofthe bit during drilling or simulated drilling. Examples of how a rollercone drill bit can be modified to include such sensors are disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 5,813,480 issued to Zaleski, Jr., et al., hereafterreferred to as Zaleski and incorporated herein by reference. Suchsensors may include strain gauges arranged within the bit body tomeasure strain resulting from axial force on the bit. As disclosed inZaleski, each leg of the bit body may be equipped with strain sensors tomeasure axial strain, shear strain, and bending strain (see FIG. 8E ofZaleski, for example). In this embodiment of the invention, strainsensors are preferably placed proximal to the matting surface betweenthe bit body and the cone. Alternatively, or additionally, pressuresensors may be placed proximal to the matting surface between the leg ofthe bit body and the cone to measure the pressure each cone exerts onthe bit body during drilling. Roller cone drill bits with sensors suchas described above may be subjected to simulated or actual drillingoperations to determine the axial force on each cone of the bit.Additionally, different cutting element configurations can be testedusing such a bit having sensors therein to find configurations which aresubstantially force-balanced to the degree previously explained.

[0055] Another method for determining the balance of axial force betweenthe cones includes experimental tests involving simulated drilling usinga selected drill bit on an earth formation sample. In one example, theforce on each cone may be determined by placing pressure sensors on eachof the cutting element of a drill bit and then rotating the drill bit onan earth formation sample with a selected axial force applied to thebit. The pressure detected at each cutting element on the bit can berecorded at discrete points in time during rotation of the bit. Theaxial force on each cone can then be determined by summing the axialforces on each cutting element of the cone to obtain the total forceexerted by each cone during rotation of the bit. The forces on the conescan then be examined to determine the distribution of axial forcebetween the cones.

[0056] Alternatively, the force on each cone may be determined fromexperimental tests involving the rotation of a selected bit on an earthformation sample having strain sensors embedded throughout the sample tomeasure axial strain in the sample resulting from contact with the drillbit during rotation of the bit. One example of this is shown in FIG. 13,wherein a drill bit 301 is rotated on an earth formation sample 305 witha selected axial force. In this example, the drill bit 301 includesthree roller cones 303. The formation sample 305 includes a plurality ofstrain sensors 307 embedded throughout the sample 305 at positionsdistributed about the cross sectional area of the sample 305. The strainsensors 307 are used to obtain a discretized profile of axial strain inthe formation being drilled. Data are collected from each of the strainsensors 307 at discrete points in time and sent to a computer 311through a multiplexer (MPX) 309. Proximal to the drill bit 301 is arotary orientation sensor 313 for detecting the rotary orientation ofthe bit 301 at any point in time. Data from the rotary orientationsensor 313 are collected at discrete points in time corresponding to thecollection of the strain profiles of the formation sample 305. Drill bitorientation data obtained by the rotary orientation sensor 313 and thecorresponding strain profiles obtained from the strain sensors 307 arestored in the computer 311 for discrete points in time during which thebit 301 is rotated. Once the bit 301 has been rotated a selected amount,typically several full rotations or more, the drill bit orientation andformation strain profile data stored in the computer 311 can beanalyzed. The rotary orientation data stored in the computer 311 can beused to determine the location of each the cones 303 at each discretepoint in time. From the determined orientation of the cones 303 on theformation sample 305 and the corresponding distribution of axial strainin the formation sample 305, the axial strain attributed to each conecan be determined. The axial strain in the formation can be approximatedas proportional to the axial force on the formation. The distribution ofaxial strain can therefore be used as an indicator of the distributionof axial force between the cones. If desired, the axial force on eachcone can be calculated from the axial strain attributed to each cone andthe mechanical properties of the formation sample.

[0057] The above description provides only a few examples of methodsthat can be used to determine the distribution of force between cones.It should be understood that this aspect of the invention is not limitedto the use of the disclosed methods for determining the balance of axialforce between the cones. Other methods exist and may be used asdetermined by the bit designer without departing from this aspect of theinvention.

[0058] Advantageously, configuring the cutting elements such that theaxial forces on the bit are substantially balanced more evenlydistributes the work, stress, strain, and wear on the bit between thecones of the bit, thereby potentially increasing the drillingperformance and longevity of the bit. More evenly distributing theforces between the cones may also result in a reduced resulting bendingmoment on the bit during drilling.

[0059] The number of cutting elements and the arrangement of cuttingelements may be different than that shown for the previous embodimentwhile still providing a substantial balance between axial forces on eachcone. For example, the spacing of the cutting elements may differ, orthe numbers of cutting elements may differ, or the arrangement ofcutting elements may differ from that shown in the previous embodimentwhile still maintaining a substantial balance of axial force between thecones. It should be understood that such additional characteristics ofthe bit are merely a matter of choice for the bit designer, and are notintended as a limitation on this aspect of the invention. Additionalembodiments in accordance with this aspect of the invention may bedeveloped using a simulation method, such as the one mentioned in theBackground section herein, or experimental models, experimental tests,or mathematical models as determined by the system designer.

[0060] Work Performed by the Bit Substantially Balanced between theCones

[0061] In another aspect, the invention comprises a roller cone bithaving a bit body and a plurality of roller cones attached to the bitbody and able to rotate with respect to the bit body. The bit furtherincludes a plurality of cutting elements arranged on each cone so thatcutting elements on adjacent cones intermesh between the cones; thecutting elements being arranged such that work performed by the bitduring drilling is substantially balanced between the cones. In oneembodiment, the invention provides a bit structure wherein the workperformed by each cone differs by less than about 30% from that of theother cones. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides bitstructure wherein the work performed by each cone differs by less thanabout 20%. In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides a bitcutting structure wherein the work performed by each cone differs byless than about 10%. Embodiments in accordance with this aspect of theinvention will provide a significant improvement over the prior artbits, in that the work performed by the cones of prior art bitstypically differ by 75% or more. Advantageously, balancing the workperformed by the cones equalizes the drilling contribution of each cone,which may more evenly balance wear on the bit between the cones, and,thereby, increase the rate of penetration and longevity of the bit.

[0062] The term “work” used to describe this aspect of the invention isdefined as follows. A cutting element in the drill bit during drillingcuts earth formation through a combination of axial penetration andlateral scraping. The movement of the cutting element through theformation can thus be separated into a lateral scraping component and anaxial “crushing” component. The distance that the cutting element moveslaterally, that is, in the plane of the bottom of the wellbore is calledthe lateral displacement. The distance that the cutting element moves inthe axial direction is called the vertical displacement. The forcevector acting on the cutting element can also be characterized by alateral force component acting in the plane of the bottom of thewellbore and a vertical force component acting along the axis of thedrill bit. The work done by a cutting element is defined as the productof the force required to move the cutting element, and the displacementof the cutting element in the direction of the force. Thus, the lateralwork done by the cutting element is the product of the lateral force andthe lateral displacement. Similarly, the vertical (axial) work done isthe product of the vertical force and the vertical displacement. Thetotal work done by each cutting element can be calculated by summing thevertical work and the lateral work. Summing the total work done by eachcutting element on any one cone will provide the total work done by thatcone. In this aspect of the invention, the numbers of, and/or placementor other aspect of the arrangement of the cutting elements on each conecan be adjusted to provide the drill bit with a substantially balancedamount of work performed by each cone.

[0063] One method for determining the axial force, the lateral force andthe corresponding distances traveled through the formation by eachcutting element is disclosed in the previously referred to patentapplication (filed in the United States on Mar. 13, 2000, entitled“Method for Simulating the Drilling of Roller Cone Drill Bits and itsApplication to Roller Cone Drill Bit Design and Performance”). Morespecifically, the action of drilling by a drill bit through a selectedearth formation is simulated. The forces and distances are determined bythe simulation and can be summed for each cutting element on each coneto calculate the total work performed by each cone.

[0064] The number of cutting elements and the arrangement of the cuttingelements may differ from that shown for the first embodiment withoutdeparting from this aspect of the invention. For example, the spacing ofthe cutting elements may differ from that shown for the firstembodiment. If arranged in rows, the number of cutting elements on eachrow or the number of rows may differ from that shown in the firstembodiment. Further, it should be understood that this aspect of theinvention does not require that axial force on the bit be substantiallybalanced between the cones in this aspect of the invention. It should beunderstood that such additional characteristics of the bit are merely amatter of choice for the bit designer, and are not intended as alimitation on this aspect of the invention. Additional embodiments inaccordance with this aspect of the invention may be developed using asimulation method, such as the one mentioned in the Background sectionherein, or experimental models, experimental tests, or mathematicalmodels as determined by the system designer.

[0065] Number of Cutting Elements in Contact with FormationSubstantially Balanced between the Cones

[0066] In another aspect, the invention comprises a roller cone bithaving a bit body and a plurality of roller cones attached to the bitbody and able to rotate with respect to the bit body. The bit furtherincludes a plurality of cutting elements arranged on each cone so thatcutting elements on adjacent cones intermesh between the cones; thecutting elements being arranged such that a distribution of time thateach of a number of cutting elements contacts the earth formation duringdrilling is substantially the same for each of the cones. The number ofcutting elements on a cone in contact with an earth formation at a givenpoint in time is a function of, among other factors, the total number ofcutting elements on the cone, the profile of the bottomhole surface, andthe arrangement of the cutting elements on the cone. In one embodimentof this aspect of the invention, the cutting elements are disposed oneach cone such that a fraction of time each of a number of cuttingelements on each cone contacts the formation during drilling issubstantially the same for each of the cones, preferably with less thanabout a 20% difference between cones.

[0067] One example of a distribution of time that a number of cuttingelements contacts an earth formation during drilling (a distribution ofcontact) is shown in FIGS. 9A-9D. This distribution was obtained from asimulation of the drilling performance of the bit shown in FIGS. 4-7.The performance of this bit was simulated using the method forsimulating drilling as discussed in the method described in thepreviously referred to patent application (filed in the United States onMar. 13, 2000, entitled “Method for Simulating the Drilling of RollerCone Drill Bits and its Application to Roller Cone Drill Bit Design andPerformance” and assigned to the assignee of this invention). The methoddescribed in that patent application is a convenient method fordetermining time distribution of cutting element contact on a rollercone drill bit, but it should be understood that the method in thatpatent application is only one method for determining time distributionof cutting element contact. Other methods, such as plaster or clayimpressions of an actual bit, or model of a bit, having a selectedcutting element configuration can be used to determine time distributionof cutting element contact.

[0068]FIG. 9A shows the distribution of contact for the entire bit.FIGS. 9B, 9C, and 9D show the distribution of contact for the first,second, and third cones of the bit, respectively. Comparing thedistributions of contact for each cone, it can be shown that thesedistributions are substantially the same. For example, the order of thenumber of cutting elements most frequency in contact with the formationduring drilling is substantially the same for each cone. Specifically,in this example, each cone has three cutting elements in contact withthe formation the greatest amount of the time, two cutting elements incontact the second greatest amount of time, four cutting elements incontact the third greatest amount of time, one cutting element incontact the fourth greatest amount of time, and five cutting elements incontact the fifth greatest amount of time. Further, for example, eachcone has three or more cutting elements in contact with the formationthe majority of the time, wherein the first, second, and third coneshave three or more cutting elements in contact approximately 60%, 70%and 70% of the time, respectively. Additionally, the average number ofcutting elements in contact with the formation is substantially the samefor each of the cones, wherein the first, second, and third cones haveaverage cutting element contacts of approximately 2.8, 2.7, and 2.9,respectively. It should also be noted that the distributions of contactfor each cone (FIGS. 9B-9D) generally resembles the distribution ofcontact for the entire bit (FIG. 9A). Further, the fraction of the timethat any given number of cutting elements contacts the formation duringdrilling differs by 15% or less between the cones. In the embodimentshown in FIGS. 9A-9D, the largest difference in the fraction of time fora given number of cutting elements is approximately 10%. Accordingly,the contribution of each cone to the total number of cutting elements incontact with the formation is substantially the same.

[0069] Comparing the distribution of contact for an embodiment inaccordance with this aspect of the invention (FIGS. 9A-9D) and a typicalprior art bit (FIGS. 8A-8D), it can be seen that although thedistributions of contact for the bits are similar (FIG. 8A and FIG. 9A),the distributions of the cones significantly differ (FIGS. 8B-8D andFIGS. 9B-9D). For example, from FIGS. 8B-8D it can be seen that thefirst, second, and third cones of the prior art bit have three or morecutting elements in contact with the formation approximately 70%, 45%,and 55% of the time, respectively, whereas from FIGS. 9B-9D it can beseen that the first, second and third cones of the bit in accordancewith this aspect of the invention have three or more cutting elements incontact with the formation approximately 60%, 70%, and 70% of the time,respectively. In this way it can be shown that the distribution ofcontact for the bit in accordance with this aspect of the invention ismore balanced between the cones than the distribution of contact for theprior art bit. Additionally, the largest difference in the averagenumber of cutting elements in contact with the formation during drillingwas found to be 0.95 cutting elements between the cones of the prior artbit, whereas the largest difference in between the cones of FIGS. 9B-9Dwas only 0.2 cutting elements. Thus, advantageously, this aspect of theinvention provides a cutting structure for a roller cone bit which moreequally distributes cutting element contact with the formation betweenthe cones. Advantageously, balancing the number of cutting elements incontact with the formation between the cones, may result in more evenwear of the cones and longevity of the bit.

[0070] It should be understood that although the cutting elements in theembodiment disclosed herein comprises milled steel teeth, the cuttingelements in this aspect of the invention are not limited to milled steelteeth. Further, it should be understood that the number of cuttingelements and the arrangements of the cutting elements may be differentthan that shown for the first embodiment as determined by one skilled inthe art, without departing from the spirit of this aspect of theinvention. For example, if the cutting elements are arranged in rows,the number of cutting elements on each row may differ from the numbersshown in the first embodiment. Thus, the distributions of contact forthe bit and cones may differ from that shown in FIGS. 9A-9D.Additionally, it is not required that axial force on the bit besubstantially balanced between the cones in this aspect of theinvention. It should be understood that such additional characteristicsof the bit are merely a matter of choice for the bit designer, and arenot intended as a limitation on this aspect of the invention. Additionalembodiments in accordance with this aspect of the invention may bedeveloped using a simulation method, such as the one mentioned in theBackground section herein, or experimental models, experimental tests,or mathematical models as determined by the system designer.

[0071] Projected Area of Contact with Formation Substantially Balancedbetween Cones

[0072] In another aspect, the invention comprises a roller cone bithaving a bit body and a plurality of roller cones attached to the bitbody and able to rotate with respect to the bit body. The bit furtherincludes a plurality of cutting elements arranged on each cone so thatcutting elements on adjacent cones intermesh between the cones; thecutting elements being arranged such that a projected area of thecutting elements in contact with the earth formation during drilling issubstantially the same for each of the cones.

[0073] Advantageously, a roller cone drill bit having cutting elementsdisposed on the cones such that the projected area of cutting elementsin contact with the formation for each cone is substantially the same,can result in a more equal distribution of cutting element contactbetween the cones of the bit. A roller cone bit made in accordance withthis embodiment may also result in a more even distribution of forcesbetween the cutting elements and between the cones.

[0074] The number of cutting elements and the arrangement of the cuttingelements may be different than that shown for the first embodimentwithout departing from this aspect of the invention. For example, thenumber of cutting elements on each cone may differ from that shown forthe first embodiment without departing from this aspect of theinvention. If arranged in rows, the number of cutting elements on eachrow may differ from the numbers shown in the first embodiment. Further,the number of cutting elements on each cone in contact with theformation may be substantially different while still maintaining asubstantially balanced projected area of contact between the cones.Additionally, the axial force on the bit may not be substantiallybalanced between the cones in this aspect of the invention. It should beunderstood that such additional characteristics of the bit are merely amatter of choice for the bit designer, and are not intended as alimitation on this aspect of the invention. Additional embodiments inaccordance with this aspect of the invention may be developed using asimulation method, such as the one mentioned in the Background sectionherein, or experimental models, experimental tests, or mathematicalmodels as determined by the system designer.

[0075] Depth of Penetration Substantially Balanced between Cones

[0076] In another aspect, the invention comprises a roller cone bithaving a bit body and a plurality of roller cones attached to the bitbody and able to rotate with respect to the bit body. The bit furtherincludes a plurality of cutting elements arranged on each cone so thatcutting elements on adjacent cones intermesh between the cones; thecutting elements being arranged such that a penetration depth of eachcutting element is substantially the same for each of the cones.

[0077] The cutting elements may be arranged in a different pattern thanthat shown for the first embodiment. For example, the spacing of thecutting elements may differ from those disclosed for the firstembodiment. The number of cutting elements on each row may differ fromthe numbers shown in the first embodiment. Additionally, this aspectdoes not require that the bit exhibit axial forces substantiallybalanced between the cones in this aspect of the invention. It should beunderstood that such additional characteristics are a matter of designchoice for the bit designer and are not a limitation on this aspect ofthe invention. Additional embodiments in accordance with this aspect ofthe invention may be developed, for example, using a simulation method,such as the method described in the previously referred to patentapplication (filed in the United States on Mar. 13, 2000, entitled“Method for Simulating the Drilling of Roller Cone Drill Bits and itsApplication to Roller Cone Drill Bit Design and Performance” andassigned to the assignee of this invention). Alternatively, physicalmodels of the bit, used to make clay or plaster impressions or the likemay be used to design a roller cone bit according to this aspect of theinvention.

[0078] Optimized Distribution of Force on the Bit

[0079] In another aspect, the invention comprises a roller cone bithaving a bit body and a plurality of roller cones attached to the bitbody and able to rotate with respect to the bit body. The bit furtherincludes a plurality of cutting elements arranged on each cone so thatcutting elements on adjacent cones intermesh between the cones; thecutting elements being arranged such that the distribution of the forceon each cone is optimized. In one embodiment, the cutting elements aredisposed in rows, and the distribution of force is optimized between therows on each cone such that the distribution of force on the bit issubstantially unimodal. One example of a unimodal distribution of forceon a drill bit in accordance with this aspect of the invention is shownin FIG. 10. In FIG. 10, the magnitude of the force on the cone isindicated by the length of a force vector, and the distribution of forceis plotted with respect to the distance from the center of the bit. Incontrast, the distribution of force on prior art bits is typicallymulti-modal. One example of a multi-modal distribution of force on aprior art bit is shown in FIG. 11.

[0080] In another embodiment, the cutting elements are disposed on eachcone in rows, and the distribution of force on each cone is optimizedwith respect to the distribution of force on the other cones such thatthe forces on rows on each cone in a particular location on the cone aresubstantially the same as the forces on the corresponding rows of theother cones. The forces on corresponding rows of the cones, preferably,have a maximum difference of about 50%. The location of each row on acone may be defined in terms of its distance from the bit axis and coneaxis as shown in FIG. 12, or in any other suitable terms as determinedby the bit designer. A drill bit in accordance with this embodiment mayhave a gage row on each cone, such that the forces on the gage row oneach cone are substantially equal to within about 50% of each other. Adrill bit in accordance with this embodiment may have a drive row oneach cone, such that the forces on the drive row on each cone aresubstantially equal to within about 50% of each other. A drill bit inaccordance with this embodiment may have one or more interior rows (rowslocated a smaller axial distance from the apex of the cone than the gagerow and/or drive row) on each cone, such that the forces on eachinterior row on each cone are substantially equal to within about 50% ofeach other. In a more preferred embodiment, the forces on respectiverows on the cones balance to within about 25% of each other.

[0081] In another embodiment, the cutting elements are disposed on thecones such that axial force on each cutting element on one cone issubstantially the same as the axial force on each corresponding cuttingelement on each of the other cones, preferably, to within a maximumdifference of about 50%. The location of each cutting element on a conemay be defined in terms of its distance from the bit axis and cone axis,similar to that shown in FIG. 12, or in other terms as determined by thebit designer. In a more preferred embodiment, the forces oncorresponding cutting elements on the cones balance to within about 25%of each other.

[0082] Advantageously, a roller cone drill bit having cutting elementsdisposed on the cones, such that the distribution of the force on eachcone is optimized, may provide a more balanced distribution of forcebetween the cones, as well as on each cone of the bit. Advantageously,balancing the distribution of force between the cones may result infaster penetration and increased longevity for the bit. A drill bit inaccordance with this aspect of the invention may also result in a moreeven distribution of forces between the cutting elements and betweencones, as well as a more uniform drilling of the bottomhole surface.

[0083] The number of cutting elements and the arrangement of the cuttingelements may be different than that shown for the first embodiment,while still maintaining an optimized distribution of force on the cones.It should be understood that having additional characteristics of thebit in accordance with previous aspects of the invention is merely amatter of choice for the bit designer, and is not intended as alimitation on this aspect of the invention. Additional embodiments inaccordance with this aspect of the invention may be developed using, forexample the method described in the previously referred to patentapplication (filed in the United States on Mar. 13, 2000, entitled“Method for Simulating the Drilling of Roller Cone Drill Bits and itsApplication to Roller Cone Drill Bit Design and Performance” andassigned to the assignee of this invention). Other methods fordetermining force distribution could include strain gauge measurementsin an instrumented physical model of the bit, or in an instrumentedphysical model of a formation adapted to measure the distribution offorce across the profile of the drill bit.

[0084] The invention has been described with respect to preferredembodiments. Different embodiments of the invention may providedifferent advantages, as described above. While embodiments of theinvention may include one or more of these advantages, the invention isnot limited to these advantages. It will be apparent to those skilled inthe art that the foregoing description is only an example of theinvention, and that other embodiments of the invention can be devisedwhich will not depart from the spirit of the invention as disclosedherein. Accordingly, the invention shall be limited in scope only by theattached claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A roller cone drill bit for drilling an earthformation, comprising: a bit body; three roller cones attached to thebit body and able to rotate with respect to the bit body; and aplurality of cutting elements arranged on each of the roller cones sothat cutting elements on adjacent cones intermesh between the adjacentcones, the cutting elements being arranged such that axial force exertedon the bit during drilling is substantially balanced between the cones,wherein the axial force on the cones is determined by selecting bitdesign parameters, comprising at least a geometry of a cutting elementon said bit; selecting drilling parameters, comprising at least an axialforce on said bit; selecting an earth formation to be represented asdrilled; calculating from said selected drilling parameters, saidselected bit design parameters and said earth formation, parameters fora crater formed when one of a plurality of said cutting elementscontacts said earth formation; calculating a bottomhole geometry,wherein said crater is removed from a bottomhole surface; simulatingincrementally rotating said bit, and repeating said calculating of saidcrater parameters and said bottomhole geometry, based on calculatedroller cone rotation speed and geometrical location with respect torotation of said roller cone drill bit about its axis; and summing axialforce developed by each of said cutting elements in creating saidcraters.
 2. The drill bit according to claim 1, wherein said axial forceon the bit is balanced within about 25% between cones.
 3. The drill bitaccording to claim 1, wherein said axial force on the bit is balancedwithin about 10% between cones.
 4. The drill bit according to claim 1,where said axial force on the bit is balanced between the cones in aratio of about 1.09, 1, and 1.03.
 5. The drill bit according to claim 1,wherein said cutting elements are disposed on each cone, such that anamount of work performed by each cone during drilling is substantiallythe same as the amount of work performed by each of the other cones. 6.The drill bit according to claim 5, wherein said amount of workperformed by each cone differs by less than about 30% from the amount ofwork performed by each of the other cones.
 7. The drill bit according toclaim 5, wherein said amount of work performed by each cone differs byless than about 20% from the amount of work performed by each of theother cones.
 8. The drill bit according to claim 5, wherein said amountof work performed by each cone differs by less than about 10% from theamount of work performed by each of the other cones.
 9. The drill bitaccording to claim 5, wherein the cones have volume cutting ratios ofabout 1.02, 1, and 1.08.
 10. The drill bit according to claim 1, whereina distribution of time that each of a number of cutting elementscontacts the formation during drilling thereof is substantially the samefor each of the cones.
 11. The drill bit according to claim 10, whereina fraction of a total time any number of cutting elements on each conecontacts the formation differs by less than about 20% from the fractionof each of the other cones.
 12. The drill bit according to claim 1,wherein a projected area of said cutting elements in contact with aformation during drilling is substantially the same for each of thecones.
 13. The drill bit according to claim 1, wherein a depth ofpenetration for each cutting element into a formation during drilling issubstantially the same for each of the cones.
 14. The drill bitaccording to claim 1, wherein a distribution of axial force on the bitis optimized.
 15. The drill bit according to claim 14, wherein thecutting elements are disposed in rows on each of the cones so that thedistribution of axial force on the bit is substantially unimodal. 16.The drill bit according to claim 14, wherein the cutting elements aredisposed in rows on each of the cones so that axial forces oncorresponding rows on each cone are substantially the same.
 17. Thedrill bit according to claim 16, wherein axial forces on correspondingrows balance to within about 50%.
 18. The drill bit according to claim16, wherein axial forces on corresponding rows balance to within about25%.
 19. The drill bit according to claim 14, wherein axial force oneach cutting element on one cone is substantially the same as axialforce on each corresponding cutting element on each of the other cones.20. The drill bit according to claim 19, wherein axial force on cuttingelements on each cone is within about 50% of the axial force on thecorresponding cutting elements on each of the other cones.
 21. The drillbit according to claim 19, wherein axial force on cutting elements oneach cone is within about 25% of the axial force on the correspondingcutting elements on each of the other cones.
 22. The drill bit accordingto claim 1, wherein said cutting elements comprise superhard inserts.23. The drill bit according to claim 22, wherein said superhard insertscomprise boron nitride.
 24. The drill bit according to claim 22, whereinsaid superhard inserts comprise polycrystalline diamond compacts. 25.The drill bit according to claim 1, wherein said cutting elementscomprise tungsten carbide inserts.
 26. The drill bit according to claim25, wherein said cutting elements further comprise a superhard materialcoating.
 27. The drill bit according to claim 1, wherein said cuttingelements comprise milled steel teeth.
 28. The drill bit according toclaim 27, wherein said cutting elements further comprise hardfacecoating.
 29. A roller cone drill bit, comprising: a bit body; threeroller cones attached to said bit body and able to rotate with respectto said bit body; and a plurality of cutting elements arranged on eachof the cones so that cutting elements on adjacent cones intermeshbetween the adjacent cones, the cutting elements being arranged suchthat an amount of work performed by each cone during drilling issubstantially the same as the work performed by each of the other cones.30. The drill bit according to claim 29, wherein the work performed byeach cone differs by less than about 30% from the work performed by eachof the other cones.
 31. The drill bit according to claim 29, wherein thework performed by each cone differs by less than about 20% from the workperformed by each of the other cones.
 32. The drill bit according toclaim 29, wherein the work performed by each cone differs by less thanabout 10% from the work performed by each of the other cones.
 33. Thedrill bit according to claim 29, wherein said plurality of cones hasnormalized volume of formation cutting ratios of about 1.02, 1, and1.08.
 34. The drill bit according to claim 29, wherein axial forceexerted on the bit during drilling is substantially balanced between thecones.
 35. The drill bit according to claim 34, wherein said axial forceon the bit is balanced within about 25% between cones.
 36. The drill bitaccording to claim 34, wherein said axial force on the bit is balancedwithin about 10% between cones.
 37. The drill bit according to claim 34,where said axial force on the bit is balanced between the cones in aratio of about 1.09, 1, and 1.03.
 38. The drill bit according to claim29, wherein a distribution of time that each of a number of cuttingelements contacts the formation during drilling thereof is substantiallythe same for each of the cones.
 39. The drill bit according to claim 38,wherein a fraction of a total time any number of cutting elements oneach cone contacts the formation differs by less than about 20% from thefraction of the other cones.
 40. The drill bit according to claim 29,wherein a projected area of said cutting elements in contact with aformation during drilling is substantially the same for each of thecones.
 41. The drill bit according to claim 29, wherein a depth ofpenetration for each cutting element into a formation during drilling issubstantially the same for each of the cones.
 42. The drill bitaccording to claim 29, wherein a distribution of axial force on the bitis optimized.
 43. The drill bit according to claim 42, wherein thecutting elements are disposed in rows on each of the cones so that thedistribution of axial force on the bit is substantially unimodal. 44.The drill bit according to claim 42, wherein the cutting elements aredisposed in rows on each of the cones so that axial forces oncorresponding rows on each cone are substantially the same.
 45. Thedrill bit according to claim 44, wherein axial forces on correspondingrows balance to within about 50%.
 46. The drill bit according to claim44, wherein axial forces on corresponding rows balance to within about25%.
 47. The drill bit according to claim 42, wherein axial force oneach cutting element on one cone is substantially the same as axialforce on each corresponding cutting element on each of the other cones.48. The drill bit according to claim 47, wherein axial force on cuttingelements on each cone is within about 50% of the axial force on thecorresponding cutting elements on each of the other cones.
 49. The drillbit according to claim 47, wherein axial force on cutting elements oneach cone is within about 25% of the axial force on the correspondingcutting elements on each of the other cones.
 50. The drill bit accordingto claim 29, wherein said cutting elements comprise superhard inserts.51. The drill bit according to claim 50, wherein said superhard insertscomprise boron nitride.
 52. The drill bit according to claim 50, whereinsaid superhard inserts comprise polycrystalline diamond compacts. 53.The drill bit according to claim 29, wherein said cutting elementscomprise tungsten carbide inserts.
 54. The drill bit according to claim53, wherein said cutting elements further comprise a superhard materialcoating.
 55. The drill bit according to claim 29, wherein said cuttingelements comprise milled steel teeth.
 56. The drill bit according toclaim 55, wherein said cutting elements further comprise hardfacecoating.
 57. A roller cone drill bit for drilling a formation,comprising: a bit body; three roller cones attached to said bit body andable to rotate with respect to said bit body; and a plurality of cuttingelements arranged on each of the cones so that cutting elements onadjacent cones intermesh between the adjacent cones, the cuttingelements being arranged such that a distribution of time that each of anumber of cutting elements contacts a formation during drilling thereofis substantially the same for each of the cones.
 58. The drill bitaccording to claim 57, wherein a fraction of a total time any number ofcutting elements on each cone contacts the formation differs by lessthan about 20% from the fraction of the other cones.
 59. The drill bitaccording to claim 57, wherein axial force exerted on the bit duringdrilling is substantially balanced between the cones.
 60. The drill bitaccording to claim 59, wherein said axial force on the bit is balancedwithin about 25% between cones.
 61. The drill bit according to claim 59,wherein said axial force on the bit is balanced within about 10% betweencones.
 62. The drill bit according to claim 59, where said axial forceon the bit is balanced between the cones in a ratio of about 1.09, 1,and 1.03.
 63. The drill bit according to claim 57, wherein said cuttingelements are disposed on each cone, such that work performed by eachcone during drilling is substantially the same as the work performed byeach of the other cones.
 64. The drill bit according to claim 63,wherein the work performed by each cone differs by less than about 30%from the work performed by each of the other cones.
 65. The drill bitaccording to claim 63, wherein the work performed by each cone differsby less than about 20% from the work performed by each of the othercones.
 66. The drill bit according to claim 63, wherein the workperformed by each cone differs by less than about 10% from the workperformed by each of the other cones.
 67. The drill bit according toclaim 63, wherein the cones have volume of formation cutting ratios ofabout 1.02, 1, and 1.08.
 68. The drill bit according to claim 57,wherein a projected area of said cutting elements in contact with aformation during drilling is substantially the same for each of thecones.
 69. The drill bit according to claim 57, wherein a depth ofpenetration for each cutting element into a formation during drilling issubstantially the same for each of the cones.
 70. The drill bitaccording to claim 57, wherein a distribution of axial force on the bitis optimized.
 71. The drill bit according to claim 70, wherein thecutting elements are disposed in rows on each of the cones so that thedistribution of axial force on the bit is substantially unimodal. 72.The drill bit according to claim 70, wherein the cutting elements aredisposed in rows on each of the cones so that axial forces oncorresponding rows on each cone are substantially the same.
 73. Thedrill bit according to claim 72, wherein axial forces on correspondingrows balance to within about 50%.
 74. The drill bit according to claim72, wherein axial forces on corresponding rows balance to within about25%.
 75. The drill bit according to claim 70, wherein axial force oneach cutting element on one cone is substantially the same as axialforce on each corresponding cutting element on each of the other cones.76. The drill bit according to claim 75, wherein axial force on cuttingelements on each cone is within about 50% of the axial force on thecorresponding cutting elements on each of the other cones.
 77. The drillbit according to claim 75, wherein axial force on cutting elements oneach cone is within about 25% of the axial force on the correspondingcutting elements on each of the other cones.
 78. The drill bit accordingto claim 57, wherein said cutting elements comprise superhard inserts.79. The drill bit according to claim 78, wherein said superhard insertscomprise boron nitride.
 80. The drill bit according to claim 78, whereinsaid superhard inserts comprise polycrystalline diamond compacts. 81.The drill bit according to claim 57, wherein said cutting elementscomprise tungsten carbide inserts.
 82. The drill bit according to claim81, wherein said cutting elements further comprise a superhard materialcoating.
 83. The drill bit according to claim 57, wherein said cuttingelements comprise milled steel teeth.
 84. The drill bit according toclaim 83, wherein said cutting elements further comprise hardfacecoating.
 85. A roller cone drill bit, comprising: a bit body; threeroller cones attached to said bit body and able to rotate with respectto said bit body; a plurality of cutting elements arranged on each ofthe cones so that cutting elements on adjacent cones intermesh betweenthe adjacent cones, the cutting elements being arranged such that aprojected area of said cutting elements in contact with a formationduring drilling is substantially the same for each of the cones.
 86. Thedrill bit according to claim 85, wherein axial force exerted on the bitduring drilling is substantially balanced between the cones.
 87. Thedrill bit according to claim 86, wherein said axial force on the bit isbalanced within about 25% between cones.
 88. The drill bit according toclaim 86, wherein said axial force on the bit is balanced within about10% between cones.
 89. The drill bit according to claim 86, where saidaxial force on the bit is balanced between the cones in a ratio of about1.09, 1, and 1.03.
 90. The drill bit according to claim 85, wherein saidcutting elements are disposed on each cone, such that work performed byeach cone during drilling is substantially the same as the workperformed each of the other cones.
 91. The drill bit according to claim90, wherein the work performed by each cone differs by less than about30% from the work performed by each of the other cones.
 92. The drillbit according to claim 90, wherein the work performed by each conediffers by less than about 20% from the work performed by each of theother cones.
 93. The drill bit according to claim 90, wherein the workperformed by each cone differs by less than about 10% from the workperformed by each of the other cones.
 94. The drill bit according toclaim 90, wherein the cones have volume of formation cutting ratios ofabout 1.02, 1, and 1.08.
 95. The drill bit according to claim 85,wherein a distribution of time that each of a number of cutting elementscontacts the formation during drilling thereof is substantially the samefor each of the cones.
 96. The drill bit according to claim 95, whereina fraction of a total time any number of cutting elements on each conecontacts the formation differs by less than about 20% from the fractionof the other cones.
 97. The drill bit according to claim 85, wherein adepth of penetration for each cutting element into a formation duringdrilling is substantially the same for each of the cones.
 98. The drillbit according to claim 85, wherein a distribution of axial force on thebit is optimized.
 99. The drill bit according to claim 98, wherein thecutting elements are disposed in rows on each of the cones so that thedistribution of axial force on the bit is substantially unimodal. 100.The drill bit according to claim 98, wherein the cutting elements aredisposed in rows on each of the cones so that axial forces oncorresponding rows on each cone are substantially the same.
 101. Thedrill bit according to claim 100, wherein axial forces on correspondingrows balance to within about 50%.
 102. The drill bit according to claim100, wherein axial forces on corresponding rows balance to within about25%.
 103. The drill bit according to claim 98, wherein axial force oneach cutting element on one cone is substantially the same as axialforce on each corresponding cutting element on each of the other cones.104. The drill bit according to claim 103, wherein axial force oncutting elements on each cone is within about 50% of the axial force onthe corresponding cutting elements on each of the other cones.
 105. Thedrill bit according to claim 103, wherein axial force on cuttingelements on each cone is within about 25% of the axial force on thecorresponding cutting elements on each of the other cones.
 106. Thedrill bit according to claim 85, wherein said cutting elements comprisesuperhard inserts.
 107. The drill bit according to claim 106, whereinsaid superhard inserts comprise boron nitride.
 108. The drill bitaccording to claim 106, wherein said superhard inserts comprisepolycrystalline diamond compacts.
 109. The drill bit according to claim85, wherein said cutting elements comprise tungsten carbide inserts.110. The drill bit according to claim 109, wherein said cutting elementsfurther comprise a superhard material coating.
 111. The drill bitaccording to claim 85, wherein said cutting elements comprise milledsteel teeth.
 112. The drill bit according to claim 111, wherein saidcutting elements further comprise hardface coating.
 113. A roller conedrill bit, comprising: a bit body; three roller cones attached to saidbit body and able to rotate with respect to said bit body; a pluralityof cutting elements arranged on each of the cones so that cuttingelements on adjacent cones intermesh between the adjacent cones, thecutting elements being arranged such that a depth of penetration for thecutting element into a formation during drilling is substantially thesame for each of the cones.
 114. The drill bit according to claim 113,wherein axial force exerted on the bit during drilling is substantiallybalanced between the cones.
 115. The drill bit according to claim 114,wherein said axial force on the bit is balanced within about 25% betweencones.
 116. The drill bit according to claim 114, wherein said axialforce on the bit is balanced within about 10% between cones.
 117. Thedrill bit according to claim 114, where said axial force on the bit isbalanced between the cones in a ratio of about 1.09, 1, and 1.03. 118.The drill bit according to claim 113, wherein said cutting elements aredisposed on each cone, such that work performed by each cone duringdrilling is substantially the same as the work performed by each of theother cones.
 119. The drill bit according to claim 118, wherein the workperformed by each cone differs by less than about 30% from the workperformed by each of the other cones.
 120. The drill bit according toclaim 118, wherein the work performed by each cone differs by less thanabout 20% from the work performed by each of the other cones.
 121. Thedrill bit according to claim 118, wherein the work performed by eachcone differs by less than about 10% from the work performed by each ofthe other cones.
 122. The drill bit according to claim 118, wherein thecones have volume of formation cutting ratios of about 1.02, 1, and1.08.
 123. The drill bit according to claim 113, wherein a distributionof time that each of a number of cutting elements contacts the formationduring drilling thereof is substantially the same for each of the cones.124. The drill bit according to claim 123, wherein a fraction of a totaltime any number of cutting elements on each cone contacts the formationdiffers by less than about 20% from the fraction of the other cones.125. The drill bit according to claim 113, wherein a projected area ofsaid cutting elements in contact with a formation during drilling issubstantially the same for each of the cones.
 126. The drill bitaccording to claim 113, wherein a distribution of axial force on the bitis optimized.
 127. The drill bit according to claim 126, wherein thecutting elements are disposed in rows on each of the cones so that thedistribution of axial force on the bit is substantially unimodal. 128.The drill bit according to claim 126, wherein the cutting elements aredisposed in rows on each of the cones so that axial forces oncorresponding rows on each cone are substantially the same.
 129. Thedrill bit according to claim 128, wherein axial forces on correspondingrows balance to within about 50%.
 130. The drill bit according to claim128, wherein axial forces on corresponding rows balance to within about25%.
 131. The drill bit according to claim 124, wherein axial force oneach cutting element on one cone is substantially the same as axialforce on each corresponding cutting element on each of the other cones.132. The drill bit according to claim 131, wherein axial force oncutting elements on each cone is within about 50% of the axial force onthe corresponding cutting elements on each of the other cones.
 133. Thedrill bit according to claim 131, wherein axial force on cuttingelements on each cone is within about 25% of the axial force on thecorresponding cutting elements on each of the other cones.
 134. Thedrill bit according to claim 113, wherein said cutting elements comprisesuperhard inserts.
 135. The drill bit according to claim 134, whereinsaid superhard inserts comprise boron nitride.
 136. The drill bitaccording to claim 134, wherein said superhard inserts comprisepolycrystalline diamond compacts.
 137. The drill bit according to claim113, wherein said cutting elements comprise tungsten carbide inserts.138. The drill bit according to claim 137, wherein said cutting elementsfurther comprise a superhard material coating.
 139. The drill bitaccording to claim 113, wherein said cutting elements comprise milledsteel teeth.
 140. The drill bit according to claim 139, wherein saidcutting elements further comprise hardface coating.
 141. A roller conedrill bit, comprising: a bit body; three roller cones attached to saidbit body and able to rotate with respect to said bit body; a pluralityof cutting elements arranged on each of the cones so that cuttingelements on adjacent cones intermesh between the adjacent cones, thecutting elements being arranged such that a distribution of axial forceon the bit is optimized.
 142. The drill bit according to claim 141,wherein the cutting elements are disposed in rows on each of the conesso that the distribution of axial force on the bit is substantiallyunimodal.
 143. The drill bit according to claim 141, wherein the cuttingelements are disposed in rows on each of the cones so that axial forceson corresponding rows on each cone are substantially the same.
 144. Thedrill bit according to claim 143, wherein axial forces on correspondingrows balance to within about 50%.
 145. The drill bit according to claim143, wherein axial forces on corresponding rows balance to within about25%.
 146. The drill bit according to claim 141, wherein axial force oneach cutting element on one cone is substantially the same as axialforce on each corresponding cutting element on each of the other cones.147. The drill bit according to claim 146, wherein axial force oncutting elements on each cone is within about 50% of the axial force onthe corresponding cutting elements on each of the other cones.
 148. Thedrill bit according to claim 146, wherein axial force on cuttingelements on each cone is within about 25% of the axial force on thecorresponding cutting elements on each of the other cones.
 149. Thedrill bit according to claim 141, wherein axial force exerted on the bitduring drilling is substantially balanced between the cones.
 150. Thedrill bit according to claim 149, wherein said axial force on the bit isbalanced within about 25% between cones.
 151. The drill bit according toclaim 149, wherein said axial force on the bit is balanced within about10% between cones.
 152. The drill bit according to claim 149, where saidaxial force on the bit is balanced between the cones in a ratio of about1.09, 1, and 1.03.
 153. The drill bit according to claim 141, whereinsaid cutting elements are disposed on each cone, such that workperformed by each cone during drilling is substantially the same as thework performed by each of the other cones.
 154. The drill bit accordingto claim 153, wherein the work performed by each cone differs by lessthan about 30% from the work performed by each of the other cones. 155.The drill bit according to claim 153, wherein the work performed by eachcone differs by less than about 20% from the work performed by each ofthe other cones.
 156. The drill bit according to claim 153, wherein thework performed by each cone differs by less than about 10% from the workperformed by each of the other cones.
 157. The drill bit according toclaim 153, wherein the cones have volume of formation cutting ratios ofabout 1.02, 1, and 1.08.
 158. The drill bit according to claim 141,wherein a distribution of time that each of a number of cutting elementscontacts the formation during drilling thereof is substantially the samefor each of the cones.
 159. The drill bit according to claim 158,wherein a fraction of a total time any number of cutting elements oneach cone contacts the formation differs by less than about 20% from thefraction of the other cones.
 160. The drill bit according to claim 141,wherein a projected area of said cutting elements in contact with aformation during drilling is substantially the same for each of thecones.
 161. The drill bit according to claim 141, wherein a depth ofpenetration for each cutting element into a formation during drilling issubstantially the same for each of the cones.
 162. The drill bitaccording to claim 141, wherein said cutting elements comprise superhardinserts.
 163. The drill bit according to claim 162, wherein saidsuperhard inserts comprise boron nitride.
 164. The drill bit accordingto claim 162, wherein said superhard inserts comprise polycrystallinediamond compacts.
 165. The drill bit according to claim 141, whereinsaid cutting elements comprise tungsten carbide inserts.
 166. The drillbit according to claim 165, wherein said cutting elements furthercomprise a superhard material coating.
 167. The drill bit according toclaim 141, wherein said cutting elements comprise milled steel teeth.168. The drill bit according to claim 167, wherein said cutting elementsfurther comprise hardface coating.
 169. A roller cone drill bit,comprising: a bit body; three roller cones attached to said bit body andable to rotate with respect to said bit body; a plurality of cuttingelements arranged on each of the roller cones so that cutting elementson adjacent cones intermesh between the cones, the cutting elementsbeing generally arranged in rows on each cone so that axial forces oncorresponding rows on each cone are substantially the same.
 170. Thedrill bit according to claim 169, wherein axial forces on correspondingrows balance to within about 50%.
 171. The drill bit according to claim169, wherein axial forces on corresponding rows balance to within about25%.
 172. The drill bit according to claim 169, wherein a distributionof axial force on the bit is optimized.
 173. The drill bit according toclaim 172, wherein the cutting elements are disposed in rows on each ofthe cones so that the distribution of axial force on the bit issubstantially unimodal.
 174. The drill bit according to claim 172,wherein axial force on each cutting element on one cone is substantiallythe same as axial force on each corresponding cutting element on each ofthe other cones.
 175. The drill bit according to claim 174, whereinaxial force on cutting elements on each cone is within about 50% of theaxial force on the corresponding cutting elements on each of the othercones.
 176. The drill bit according to claim 174, wherein axial force oncutting elements on each cone is within about 25% of the axial force onthe corresponding cutting elements on each of the other cones.
 177. Thedrill bit according to claim 169, wherein axial force exerted on the bitduring drilling is substantially balanced between the cones.
 178. Thedrill bit according to claim 177, wherein said axial force on the bit isbalanced within about 25% between cones.
 179. The drill bit according toclaim 177, wherein said axial force on the bit is balanced within about10% between cones.
 180. The drill bit according to claim 177, where saidaxial force on the bit is balanced between the cones in a ratio of about1.09, 1, and 1.03.
 181. The drill bit according to claim 169, whereinsaid cutting elements are disposed on each cone, such that workperformed by each cone during drilling is substantially the same as thework performed by each of the other cones.
 182. The drill bit accordingto claim 181, wherein the work performed by each cone differs by lessthan about 30% from the work performed by each of the other cones. 183.The drill bit according to claim 181, wherein the work performed by eachcone differs by less than about 20% from the work performed by each ofthe other cones.
 184. The drill bit according to claim 181, wherein thework performed by each cone differs by less than about 10% from the workperformed by each of the other cones.
 185. The drill bit according toclaim 181, wherein the cones have volume of formation cutting ratios ofabout 1.02, 1, and 1.08.
 186. The drill bit according to claim 169,wherein a distribution of time that each of a number of cutting elementscontacts the formation during drilling thereof is substantially the samefor each of the cones.
 187. The drill bit according to claim 186,wherein a fraction of a total time any number of cutting elements oneach cone contacts the formation differs by less than about 20% from thefraction of the other cones.
 188. The drill bit according to claim 169,wherein a projected area of said cutting elements in contact with aformation during drilling is substantially the same for each of thecones.
 189. The drill bit according to claim 169, wherein a depth ofpenetration for each cutting element into a formation during drilling issubstantially the same for each of the cones.
 190. The drill bitaccording to claim 169, wherein said cutting elements comprise superhardinserts.
 191. The drill bit according to claim 190, wherein saidsuperhard inserts comprise boron nitride.
 192. The drill bit accordingto claim 190, wherein said superhard inserts comprise polycrystallinediamond compacts.
 193. The drill bit according to claim 169, whereinsaid cutting elements comprise tungsten carbide inserts.
 194. The drillbit according to claim 193, wherein said cutting elements furthercomprise a superhard material coating.
 195. The drill bit according toclaim 169, wherein said cutting elements comprise milled steel teeth.196. The drill bit according to claim 175, wherein said cutting elementsfurther comprise hardface coating.
 197. A roller cone drill bit,comprising: a bit body; three roller cones attached to said bit body andable to rotate with respect to said bit body; a plurality of cuttingelements arranged on each of the cones so that cutting elements onadjacent cones intermesh between the adjacent cones, the cuttingelements being arranged so that axial forces on cutting elements on onecone are substantially the same as axial forces on corresponding cuttingelements on each of the other cones.
 198. The drill bit according toclaim 197, wherein axial force on cutting elements on each cone iswithin about 50% of the axial force on the corresponding cuttingelements on each of the other cones.
 199. The drill bit according toclaim 197, wherein axial force on cutting elements on each cone iswithin about 25% of the axial force on the corresponding cuttingelements on each of the other cones.
 200. The drill bit according toclaim 197, wherein a distribution of axial force on the bit isoptimized.
 201. The drill bit according to claim 200, wherein thecutting elements are disposed in rows on each of the cones so that thedistribution of axial force on the bit is substantially unimodal. 202.The drill bit according to claim 200, wherein the cutting elements aredisposed in rows on each of the cones so that axial forces oncorresponding rows on each cone are substantially the same.
 203. Thedrill bit according to claim 202, wherein axial forces on correspondingrows balance to within about 50%.
 204. The drill bit according to claim202, wherein axial forces on corresponding rows balance to within about25%.
 205. The drill bit according to claim 197, wherein axial forceexerted on the bit during drilling is substantially balanced between thecones.
 206. The drill bit according to claim 205, wherein said axialforce on the bit is balanced within about 25% between cones.
 207. Thedrill bit according to claim 205, wherein said axial force on the bit isbalanced within about 10% between cones.
 208. The drill bit according toclaim 205, where said axial force on the bit is balanced between thecones in a ratio of about 1.09, 1, and 1.03.
 209. The drill bitaccording to claim 197, wherein said cutting elements are disposed oneach cone, such that work performed by each cone during drilling issubstantially the same as the work performed by each of the other cones.210. The drill bit according to claim 209, wherein the work performed byeach cone differs by less than about 30% from the work performed by eachof the other cones.
 211. The drill bit according to claim 209, whereinthe work performed by each cone differs by less than about 20% from thework performed by each of the other cones.
 212. The drill bit accordingto claim 209, wherein the work performed by each cone differs by lessthan about 10% from the work performed by each of the other cones. 213.The drill bit according to claim 209, wherein the cones have volume offormation cutting ratios of about 1.02, 1, and 1.08.
 214. The drill bitaccording to claim 197, wherein a distribution of time that each of anumber of cutting elements contacts the formation during drillingthereof is substantially the same for each of the cones.
 215. The drillbit according to claim 214, wherein a fraction of a total time anynumber of cutting elements on each cone contacts the formation differsby less than about 20% from the fraction of the other cones.
 216. Thedrill bit according to claim 197, wherein a projected area of saidcutting elements in contact with a formation during drilling issubstantially the same for each of the cones.
 217. The drill bitaccording to claim 197, wherein a depth of penetration for each cuttingelement into a formation during drilling is substantially the same foreach of the cones.
 218. The drill bit according to claim 197, whereinsaid cutting elements comprise superhard inserts.
 219. The drill bitaccording to claim 218, wherein said superhard inserts comprise boronnitride.
 220. The drill bit according to claim 218, wherein saidsuperhard inserts comprise polycrystalline diamond compacts.
 221. Thedrill bit according to claim 197, wherein said cutting elements comprisetungsten carbide inserts.
 222. The drill bit according to claim 221,wherein said cutting elements further comprise a superhard materialcoating.
 223. The drill bit according to claim 197, wherein said cuttingelements comprise milled steel teeth.
 224. The drill bit according toclaim 223, wherein said cutting elements further comprise hardfacecoating.
 225. The drill bit according to claim 29, wherein the workperformed by the cones is determined by: calculating an amount of axialand lateral movement of said cutting elements through said formation;calculating an amount of said axial force on bit sustained by each ofsaid cutting elements through said formation and an amount of lateralforce from said lateral movement; and calculating from said axial force,said axial movement, said lateral force and said lateral movement thework performed by each of the cutting elements, the work performed byeach said cone determined as a sum of the work of cutting elementsdisposed on each of the cones.
 226. The drill bit according to claim 1,wherein the axial force on the cones is determined by measuring strainin the bit body proximal to each cone during a drilling test operationof the bit.
 227. The drill bit according to claim 1, wherein the axialforce on the cones is determined by measuring strain at distributedpositions in a formation sample as the sample is drilled by the drillbit; measuring rotary orientation of the bit corresponding to eachmeasurement of strain; and correlating the orientation to the strainmeasurements.